Media and Terrorism Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3750 words

Media and Terrorism - Research Paper Example The discoveries of the investigation show that media inclusion on fear mongering has got a greater amount of hindrances than focal points. Notwithstanding, the ramifications of the exploration additionally clarify that media can adequately be utilized as the instrument for counter-fear based oppression. There have been a great deal of studies and investigates made on Terrorism and its social, monetary and political effects. Fear based oppression, a revile on mankind, is a worldwide wonder and it has no limits. As psychological oppression is featured by the media, it is fascinating to view the connection among media and fear based oppression. Media can be considered as the bread and butter for psychological oppression as it helps in giving an overall inclusion on fear based oppressor acts and accordingly accomplishing their goals and spreading their messages. Indeed, even a restricted fear based oppressor assault, celebrated by media gets inclusion everywhere throughout the world and in this way the capable psychological militant gathering gets profited. In such manner, it gets applicable to talk about the effect of traditional media like papers and TV, just as new age media like web on psychological warfare. Truth be told, one can watch a give and take the connection among media and fear based oppression as both get profited on the other. The accomplishment of a fear monger act is only dependant on the inclusion given by the media and it tends to be expressed that without getting an across the board exposure, psychological oppressors can't accomplish their objectives and goals to its fullest. Then again, media additionally gets profited by fear based oppressor acts.

1776 by David McCullough Essay Example for Free

1776 by David McCullough Essay Loved antiquarian David McCullough covers the military side of the memorable year of 1776 with attribute understanding and a captivating depiction, attaching new research and an inventive point of view to the establishment of the American Revolution. It was a wild and confusing time. As British and American authorities battled to make an arrangement, occurrences on the ground raised until war was unavoidable. McCullough expounds grandiosely on the discouraging conditions that crowds on the two sides needed to tolerate, grasping an oddly merciless winter, and the activity that karma and the idiosyncrasies of the atmosphere played in helping the great powers hold off the universes preeminent civilian army. He additionally effectively finds the size of excitement and troop fearlessness a bunch was equivalent to a triumph to the Americans, while something besides pounding triumph was off-putting to the British, who anticipated a snappy completion to the battle The redcoat pull back from Boston, for example, was primarily humiliating for the British, though the insignificant American success at Trenton was exaggerated paying little mind to its incomplete key significance. In his most recent book, 1776, David McCullough employs on this huge year the story blessings he is communicated in such interesting records as The Great Bridge in addition to The Path between the Seas. As a days of yore of the American Revolution, it is an unrealistically shortened volume: basic improvements prompting the revolt like the Stamp Act, which happen to fall outside the limits of Mr. McCulloughs severe time layout, are not watched, and succeeding scenes of the war (which would keep on after the Trenton-Princeton campaign for an additional about six horrible years) are ignored also. Â â â â â â â â â â â Quantities of the most grounded courses in 1776 are the lighting up and all around shaped depictions of the Georges on either sides of the Atlantic. Ruler George III, so frequently spoke to as a shambling, haughty moron, is given an extra mindful treatment by McCullough, who uncovers that the lord regarded the pioneers to be cranky subjects without substantial problem a standpoint that drove him to underestimate the will and aptitudes of the Americans. From time to time he appears to be bewildered that war was even compulsory. The incomparable Washington meets his considerable status in these pages, and McCullough depends on private relationship to adjust the man and the tale, unveiling how seriously concerned Washington was about the Americans chances for progress, paying little heed to his open enthusiasm. Maybe more than some other man, he perceived that they were so fortunate to just carry on the year, and he happily puts the duty regarding their fortuity in the hands of God in lieu of his own. Captivating and spectacularly composed, 1776 is crafted by a talented history specialist. Â â â â â â â â â â â 1776 is least significant, in any case, at passing on the inside of most war stories: battle. The underlying, and best, hundred pages center around the cordon of Boston, a weary however practically bloodless issue. At the point when the activity moves to New York, the story listed. McCullough composes with extraordinary clarity in regards to the composite strategies between Manhattan, Long Island and Westchester County in the late spring and fall of 1776. Yet, when fight impacts, the activity ends up being thwarted in stock pictures. 1776 is even so an emotive and reasonable work, advising us that its military as opposed to bar patriots and violent government officials who have continually followed through on the cost of American positive thinking and decided its triumphs. Works Cited McCullough, David, (May 24, 2005), 1776, Simon Schuster ISBN: 0743226712.

Word of the Week! Profligate Richmond Writing

Word of the Week! Profligate Richmond Writing Both as noun and adjective, our word trips off the tongue. As the curious image given implies, people who overindulge in vices of the flesh are profligates to a bumbershoot-wielding vigilante. The term has a long history, with noun adjective usages, as well as a transitive verb, given by the OED. The Latin original means overthrowing, conquering, and 16th Century English usage includes those senses. Our modern notion of decadence and debauchery came a century later. As with so many good words, our word came to me while reading comic books decades ago. Contrary to the fuming of curmudgeons, many comics taught kids a great deal about vocabulary. This began for me with Marvels titles in the Silver Age of the late 60s and Bronze Age of the early 70s, when a stable of talented young writers penned dialogue under the leadership of the late Stan Lee. Enter a well read super villain, Turner D. Century, whom I recently described as  a puritanical Luddite. Rides a flying bicycle built for two, has a flamethrower umbrella, and his girlfriend is a manakin with a bomb for a head. Primo 70s Marvel. Though Turner actually dates from the 80s, his vocabulary reaches back to earlier times. Profligate works best, to my ear, as a formal adjective implying more than extravagance. To say His profligate spending on artwork led to bankruptcy implies a lot in a single word. Thus the power of an elevated register of speech. I try to teach writers this constantly, that big words used well can save space and time.   In another example, my garden is currently profligate with flowers. So our word has some positive uses. How could you have too many flowers? The verb usage appears rare. Id never encountered it, in comics or more staid literary work, until I consulted the OED today. Consider how odd it would be to say You profligated your inheritance! Lord Plushbottom, you are ruined! instead of Your profligate habits ruined you, MLord. The inheritance is gone!   Both sound like a dramatic moment from Downton Abbey, but the latter example just sounds right to the educated ear. We dont want Turner setting us on fire for a contested point of usage. He just might. Hear ye, profligates, debauchees, and decadents! Dont make me send Turner D. Century after you to pry words from your noggins! Do you have a word or metaphor worth pondering? This blog will continue all summer.  Please nominate a word or metaphor useful in academic writing by e-mailing me (jessid -at- richmond -dot- edu) or leaving a comment below. See all of our Metaphors of the Month  here  and Words of the Week  here. Images by the author, from his old stash of comic books.

Definition and Examples of Grammatical Concord

The word concord is derived from the Latin for agreement. When applied to English grammar, the term is defined as the grammatical agreement between two words in a sentence. Some linguists use the terms concord and agreement interchangeably, although traditionally, concord is used in reference to the proper relationship between adjectives and the nouns they modify, while agreement refers to the proper relationship between verbs and their subjects or objects. Mixed concord, also known as discord, is the combination of a singular verb and a plural pronoun. This structure happens when theres a substantial distance between a noun and its modifier and shows up most frequently in informal or spoken language. Discord is motivated when the abstract preference for a phrases meaning to be in agreement outweighs the desire for the formal subject noun phrase to agree. Concord in English vs. Other Languages Concord is relatively limited in modern English.  Noun-pronoun concord calls for agreement between a pronoun and its antecedent in terms of number, person, and gender. Subject-verb concord, as it relates to numbers, is conventionally marked by inflections at the end of a word. In Romance languages such as French and Spanish, modifiers must agree with the nouns they modify in number. In English, however, only this and that change to these and those to signify agreement. In English, nouns do not have an assigned gender. A book that belongs to a boy is his book, while one belonging to a girl would be her book. The gender modifier agrees with the person who owns the book, not the book itself. In Romance languages, nouns are gender-specific. The French word for book, livre, is masculine and therefore, the pronoun that agrees with it—le—is also masculine. A feminine word, such as window (fenà ªtre), would take the feminine pronoun la to be in agreement. Plural nouns, on the other hand, become gender neutral and take the same pronoun of les. Gender-Neutral Pronouns Recently, with growing awareness with regard to LGBTQ equality, there has been a sociolinguistic shift to accommodate those seeking to identify with the use of gender-neutral pronouns. While its or their are becoming common substitutions for his and her, speaking strictly in terms of grammar, they are not in agreement. As a result, a lexicon of new gender-neutral pronouns has been introduced, although it has yet to be universally adopted. He/She: Zie, Sie, Ey, Ve, Tey, EHim/Her: Zim, Sie, Em, Ver, Ter, EmHis/Her: Zir, Hir, Eir, Vis, Tem, EirHis/Hers: Zis, Hirs, Eirs, Vers, Ters, EirsHimself/Herself: Zieself, Hirself, Eirself, Verself, Terself, Emself The Basics of Subject-Verb Concord In subject-verb concord, if the subject of the sentence is singular, the verb must also be singular. If the subject is plural, the verb must be plural as well. The window is open.The windows are open. Of course, these are easy examples but where people tend to get confused is when a phrase is containing another noun is inserted between the subject and the modifying verb and that noun has a different numeric value (singular or plural) than the subject noun. In this example, the first sentence is incorrect: The crates in the warehouse is ready to be loaded.The crates in the warehouse are ready to be loaded. While warehouse is singular, it is not the subject of the sentence. The second sentence is correct. The word crates is the subject of the sentence, so must take the plural form of the vowel (in this case, are) to be in agreement. When two singular subjects are linked in a sentence by either/or or neither/nor, correct usage requires the singular verb. Neither Mary or Walter is available at present. What happens when one subject is singular and the other is plural? Agreement depends on the subject placement in the sentence: Either the dog or the cats are in the basement.Either the twins or Mandy is waiting for you now. Two subjects connected by and take a plural verb. Orville and Wilbur are over by the fence.The rooster and the chickens are missing. There are two exceptions to these rules. The first is when a compound subject is connected with and but through popular use is considered a singular subject. While Bacon and eggs is my favorite breakfast is not grammatically correct, bacon and eggs is considered a singular item on the average American breakfast menu. The second exception is when both subjects are the same entity: The author and illustrator of Where the Wild Things Are is Maurice Sendak. Meanwhile, some plural subjects call for singular verbs: Fifty dollars is too much to pay for that dress.Twenty seconds is all you get before I scream. The following all take singular verbs: each, everyone, everybody, anyone, anybody, somebody, nobody, someone, none, and no-one. Each candle is burning.Everyone is having a good time.Nobody is going to mind if you get to the party on time.Someone is likely to know where the house is.None of us is to blame.

Famous Quotes About Women and Womanhood

Reams of paper and reels of films have been dedicated to describe a woman. Women-oriented books promise to reveal the secret underlying womanhood. Biologists have spent their lifetime decoding the mystery of a woman. But the woman continues to be an enigma. Her enigma embodies her beauty. And this beauty is not skin-deep. These famous quotes about women explore the qualities of women. Famous Quotes About Women Rebecca West, The Clarion I myself have never been able to find out precisely what feminism is. I only know that people call me a feminist whenever I express sentiments that differentiate me from a doormat or a prostitute. Anne Morrow Lindbergh, American aviator, Gift From the Sea By and large, mothers and housewives are the only workers who do not have regular time off. They are the great vacation-less class. Samuel Richardson, Writer A beautiful woman must expect to be more accountable for her steps, than one less attractive. Charlotte Bronte, Novelist [in a letter to William Smith Williams] I am neither a man nor a woman but an author. Loretta Young, American Actress A charming woman doesnt follow the crowd. She is herself. Toni Morrison, Author, Sula I know what every colored woman in this country is doing. Dying. Just like me. But the difference is they are dying like a stump. Me, Im going down like one of those redwoods. I sure did live in this world. William Congreve, English Playwright Heaven hath no rage like a love to hatred turned, nor hell a fury like a woman scorned. Rudyard Kipling, Author A womans guess is much more accurate than a mans certainty.

Should Managements’ primary goal is shareholders’ wealth maximization Free Essays

string(59) " this view are Merton Miller and Franco Modigliani \(MM\)\." I. INTRODUCTION Dividends are payments made by a corporation to its shareholder members. It is the portion of corporate profits paid out to stockholders. We will write a custom essay sample on Should Managements’ primary goal is shareholders’ wealth maximization? or any similar topic only for you Order Now When a corporation earns a profit or surplus, that money can be put to two uses: it can either be re-invested in the business, or it can be paid to the shareholders as a dividend. Dividend policy has been an issue of interest in financial literature since Joint Stock Companies came into existence. Dividends are commonly defined as the distribution of earnings (past or present) in real assets among the shareholders of the firm in proportion to their ownership. [15] Dividend policy connotes to the payout policy, which managers pursue in deciding the size and pattern of cash distribution to shareholders over time. Managements’ primary goal is shareholders’ wealth maximization, which translates into maximizing the value of the company as measured by the price of the company’s common stock. This goal can be achieved by giving the shareholders a â€Å"fair† payment on their investments. However, the impact of firm’s dividend policy on shareholders wealth is still unresolved. THEORIES OF DIVIDEND POLICY: DIVIDEND IRRELEVANCE THEORY DIVIDEND RELEVANCE THEORY DIVIDEND IRRELEVACE THEORY: The dividend irrelevance theory is based on the premise that a firm’s dividend policy is independent of the value of its share price and that the dividend decision is a passive residual. The value of the firm is determined by its investment and financing decisions within an optimal capital structure, and not by its dividend decision. A common dividend policy should be able to serve all firms because the dividend policy is irrelevant in determining firm value. Modigliani and miller pointed out that investors who are rational, in the sense that they always make the choice but maximise their utility, are indifferent to receiving capital gains or dividend on their shares. From the perspective of maximising the shareholder utility is that a company maximises its market value by adopting an optimal investment policy. Such a policy is represented by a company which invests in all projects that yield a positive net present value and hence maximises the net present value of the company as a whole. A company with insufficient internal funds can raise funds on the capital market, allowing it to finance all projects. Hence, according to Modigliani and Miller, the investment decision is divorced from the dividend decision. A company’s choice of dividend policy, given its investment policy, is really a choice of financing strategy. ARGUMENTS FOR DIVIDEND IRRELEVANCE: The residual theory outlined above suggests that if the firm cannot invest further to earn in excess of its cost of capital, it should distribute the earnings to its shareholders. MM argue that the firm’s value is determined by the investment policy and that the split between dividends and funds to be reinvested does not affect this value, under the assumptions explained. This argument is also supported by Miller, Black and Scholes. This party raised the following question: If companies could increase their share price by distributing more or less cash dividends, why have they not already done so? ‘This brings us to the real world scenario with wrinkles of imperfection in its capital markets, a far cry from the understanding of a perfect capital market. The clientele of firms, in this context referring to persons with money to invest, come in all varieties of preferences, some with low-payout and others with high-payout demands. MM argue therefore that changes in dividend policies from low-to-high payouts, for example, should not have a bearing on the market value of the shares, but rather on the clientele that the firm will attract. Looking at this from the other end, Miller, Black and Scholes argue that if all clienteles are satisfied, their demands for high or low payouts will have no effect on prices of shares.12 In the real markets, studies have however shown that large changes in dividends do affect share prices.13 However MM’s counter-argument to this is that the effects on the prices are attributable to the informational content of dividends with respect t o future earnings rather than to the dividend itself. The shift in the clienteles questing to satisfy their preferences is what may cause prices to change. This characteristic allows firms to avoid having to identify the indifference curves of individual shareholders when establishing their investment policies. There is a strong consistency between the MM views and those of the ‘dividend irrelevance’ proponents, and the ‘residual theory’ discussed above. DIVIDEND RELEVANCE THEORY: A theory put forth by Miller and Modigliani that, in a perfect world, the value of a firm is unaffected by the distribution of dividends and is determined solely by the earning power and risk of its assets. Dividend relevance theory, that current dividend payments reduce investor uncertainty and ultimately result in a higher value for the firm’s shares. In perfect capital markets, in the absence of taxes and transaction costs, dividend policy is irrelevant in the sense that it cannot affect shareholder value. The effect of any dividend policy can be offset by management adjusting the sale of new stock or by investors adjusting their dividend stream through stock purchases or sales. This theory was proposed by Myron J. Gordon and John Lintner. Dividend relevance theory suggests that investors are generally risk averse and would rather have dividends today (â€Å"bird-in-the-hand†) than possible share appreciation and dividends tomorrow. Dividend relevance theory proposes that dividend policy affect the share price. Therefore, according to this theory, optimal dividend policy should be determined which will ensure maximization of the wealth of the shareholders. Empirical studies do not support this theory. However, actions of market participants tend to suggest that there is some connection between dividend policy and share price. The dividend irrelevance theory holds that dividend policy has no effect on either the price of a firm’s stock or its cost of capital. The principal proponents of this view are Merton Miller and Franco Modigliani (MM). You read "Should Managements’ primary goal is shareholders’ wealth maximization?" in category "Essay examples" They prove their position in a theoretical sense, but only under strict assumptions, some of which are clearly not true in the real world. Thus, when dividends are raised, this is viewed by investors as recognition by man-agreement of future earnings increases. Therefore, if a firm’s stock price increases with a dividend increase, the reason may not be investor preference for dividends, but expectations of higher future earnings. Conversely, a dividend reduction may signal that management is forecasting poor earnings in the future. The clientele effect is the attraction of companies with specific dividend policies to those investors whose needs are best served by those policies. Thus, companies with high dividends will have a clientele of investors with low marginal tax rates and strong desires for current income. Similarly, companies with low dividends will attract a clientele with little need for current income, and who often have high marginal tax rates. ARGUMENTS FOR DIVIDEND RELEVANCE: The dividend controversy over so many years of debate, has resulted in two extreme groups apart from the above discussed ‘middle-of-the-roaders’. A conservative group, the Rightists, believe that higher dividend payouts will result in an increase in the value of the firm. The Leftists on the other hand believe that a high dividend will decrease the firm’s value. A common belief in the business and investment communities is that earnings paid out as dividends should be allotted a much higher multiplier in evaluating shares than that to undistributed earnings.14 The Rightist group argue that there seems to be a natural clientele for high-payout shares because dividends are regarded as ‘spendable’ income whereas capital gains are additions to capital. Myron J Gordon and John Lintner suggested in the early sixties15 that investors see current dividends as less risky than future dividends or capital gains. Their proposition came to be known as the ‘b ird in the hand’ argument, and suggested that the lower uncertainty attached to dividends received will result in a lower Discount factor applied to the firm’s earnings resulting in a higher stock value. That said, shareholders may realise capital gains by selling stocks, whenever they Feel they have not received enough returns by way of dividends. However there Still remains much sympathy with the argument that investors prefer higher Dividends. One reason may be because mature companies may have plenty of free cash flow but few profitable investment opportunities. Another major departure from the perfect market scenario is the effect of taxes which, together with other imperfections is likely to interfere seriously with the hypothesis of dividend irrelevancy. If dividends are taxed more heavily than capital gains16, then it is more advantageous to transmute dividends into capital gains. It is a growing practice that when companies make large one-off distributions to shareholders, they do so by repurchasing stocks. However this cannot be done frequently because the tax authorities may identify the scheme, deem the distribution as a dividend and tax it accordingly with the higher rates. Another argument put forward by the ‘Leftist’ group is that taxes on dividends have to be paid immediately whereas capital gains tax can be deferred until shares are actually sold. Apart from the distinction between income and capital gains, there is also the effect of differential rates of personal income tax and also the possibility that a company may have shareholders, both private and corporate, who are taxed under different tax regimes. Dividend payment has negative impact on shareholders wealth: [arguments for and against] The main impact on the firm’s dividend policy on its value is an unresolved issue. Miller and Modigliani demonstrate that, the absent imperfections, dividend policy should not affect the shareholders wealth. Dividend irrelevance is also supported by the empirical work of Black and Scholes leading to an argument in the MM paper, Black and Scholes shows the ability of firms to adjust dividends to appeal to tax included investors and argue that this supply effect may account for their finding of no relationship between dividends and stock returns. FACTORS AFFECTING THE DIVIDEND POLICY OF A COMPANY: Stability of Earnings: The nature of business has an important bearing on the dividend policy. Industrial units having stability of earnings may formulate a more consistent dividend policy than those having an uneven flow of incomes because they can predict easily their savings and earnings. Usually, enterprises dealing in necessities suffer less from oscillating earnings than those dealing in luxuries or fancy goods. Age of corporation: Age of the corporation counts much in deciding the dividend policy. A newly established company may require much of its earnings for expansion and plant improvement and may adopt a rigid dividend policy while, on the other hand, an older company can formulate a clear cut and more consistent policy regarding dividend. Liquidity of Funds: Availability of cash and sound financial position is also an important factor in dividend decisions. A dividend represents a cash outflow, the greater the funds and the liquidity of the firm the better the ability to pay dividend. The liquidity of a firm depends very much on the investment and financial decisions of the firm which in turn determines the rate of expansion and the manner of financing. If cash position is weak, stock dividend will be distributed and if cash position is good, company can distribute the cash dividend. Extent of share Distribution: Nature of ownership also affects the dividend decisions. A closely held company is likely to get the assent of the shareholders for the suspension of dividend or for following a conservative dividend policy. On the other hand, a company having a good number of shareholders widely distributed and forming low or medium income group, would face a great difficulty in securing such assent because they will emphasise to distribute higher dividend. Trade Cycles: Business cycles also exercise influence upon dividend Policy. Dividend policy is adjusted according to the business oscillations. During the boom, prudent management creates food reserves for contingencies which follow the inflationary period. Higher rates of dividend can be used as a tool for marketing the securities in an otherwise depressed market. The financial solvency can be proved and maintained by the companies in dull years if the adequate reserves have been built up. Government Policies: The earnings capacity of the enterprise is widely affected by the change in fiscal, industrial, labour, control and other government policies. Sometimes government restricts the distribution of dividend beyond a certain percentage in a particular industry or in all spheres of business activity as was done in emergency. The dividend policy has to be modified or formulated accordingly in those enterprises. Taxation Policy: High taxation reduces the earnings of the companies and consequently the rate of dividend is lowered down. Sometimes government levies dividend-tax of distribution of dividend beyond a certain limit. It also affects the capital formation. N India, dividends beyond 10 % of paid-up capital are subject to dividend tax at 7.5 %. Legal Requirements: In deciding on the dividend, the directors take the legal requirements too into consideration. In order to protect the interests of creditors an outsiders, the companies Act 1956 prescribes certain guidelines in respect of the distribution and payment of dividend. Moreover, a company is required to provide for depreciation on its fixed and tangible assets before declaring dividend on shares. It proposes that Dividend should not be distributed out of capita, in any case. Likewise, contractual obligation should also be fulfilled, for example, payment of dividend on preference shares in priority over ordinary dividend. Past dividend Rates: While formulating the Dividend Policy, the directors must keep in mind the dividend paid in past years. The current rate should be around the average past rat. If it has been abnormally increased the shares will be subjected to speculation. In a new concern, the company should consider the dividend policy of the rival organisation. Ability to Borrow: Well established and large firms have better access to the capital market than the new Companies and may borrow funds from the external sources if there arises any need. Such Companies may have a better dividend pay-out ratio. Whereas smaller firms have to depend on their internal sources and therefore they will have to built up good reserves by reducing the dividend pay out ratio for meeting any obligation requiring heavy funds. Policy of Control: Policy of control is another determining factor is so far as dividends are concerned. If the directors want to have control on company, they would not like to add new shareholders and therefore, declare a dividend at low rate. Because by adding new shareholders they fear dilution of control and diversion of policies and programmes of the existing management. So they prefer to meet the needs through retained earing. If the directors do not bother about the control of affairs they will follow a liberal dividend policy. Thus control is an influencing factor in framing the dividend policy. Repayments of Loan: A company having loan indebtedness are vowed to a high rate of retention earnings, unless one other arrangements are made for the redemption of debt on maturity. It will naturally lower down the rate of dividend. Sometimes, the lenders (mostly institutional lenders) put restrictions on the dividend distribution still such time their loan is outstanding. Formal loan contracts generally provide a certain standard of liquidity and solvency to be maintained. Management is bound to hour such restrictions and to limit the rate of dividend payout. Time for Payment of Dividend: When should the dividend be paid is another consideration. Payment of dividend means outflow of cash. It is, therefore, desirable to distribute dividend at a time when is least needed by the company because there are peak times as well as lean periods of expenditure. Wise management should plan the payment of dividend in such a manner that there is no cash outflow at a time when the undertaking is already in need of urgent finances. Regularity and stability in Dividend Payment: Dividends should be paid regularly because each investor is interested in the regular payment of dividend. The management should, in spite of regular payment of dividend, consider that the rate of dividend should be all the most constant. For this purpose sometimes companies maintain dividend equalization Fund. CONCLUSION: It seems that there is no conclusion set in stone on the dividend irrelevancy controversy. Since the formulation of the MM proposition in 1961, financial economists have been arguing about whether dividends have any effect on the long-term market value of the firm. The irrelevant dividend theory based on the works of M and M, states that the value of the firm is not affected by its dividend policy and is therefore irrelevant in the determination of ordinary share price.The relevant dividend theory is based on behavioural dividend models and states that under real life market conditions, the value of the firm is affect. The relevant dividend theory is based on behavioural dividend models and states that under real life market conditions, the value of the firm is affected by its dividend policy and is therefore relevant in the determination of ordinary share price. Under market imperfections such as taxes, transaction cost and imperfect information, firms tend to adopt a stable and consistent dividend policy because firms perceive a dividend policy to be important to shareholders . This chapter dealt with analysing responses based on managements’ views on dividend payments and the effect on firm value. Because the dividend policy is a natural consequence of dividend theory being applied, the conclusions to the study are categorised under the dividend policies, namely,the managed dividend policy, a consequence of the relevant dividend theory and the residual dividend policy, a consequence of the irrelevant dividend theory. BIBLOGRAPHY: Miller, M. and Modigliani, F. (1961). Dividend policy, growth, and the valuation of shares. Journal of Business, 34, 411?433. ADAMS, P.D., WYATT, S.B., WALKER, M.C. (2007). Dividends, Dividend Policy and Option Valuation: A New Perspective. Journal of Business Finance and Accounting, Vol 21, No 7, September. Baker, H.K. (1999), â€Å"Dividend Policy issues in regulated and unregulated firms: a managerial perspective†, Managerial Finance, Vol.25 No.6, pp.1-19. Frankfurter, M, George and Wood Bob ,G ( 2003), â€Å"Dividend Policy Theory and Practice†, Academic Press. Lease, C,.Ronald John Kose (August 2001),†Dividend Policy: Its Impact on Firm Value†, Financial management Association Survey and synthesis series, Harvard Business School Press. Miller, M.H. and Modigliani, F. (1961), ‘‘Dividend policy, growth, and the valuation of shares’’,Journal of Business, Vol. 34, pp. 411-33 Anand Manoj(2001), â€Å"Factors influencing dividend policy decisions of Corporate India†, ICFAI Journal Of Applied Finance,2004 ,Vol.X ,No.2 Watson Denzil ( 2004), â€Å"Dividend policy’’, Corporate Finance – principles and practice. How to cite Should Managements’ primary goal is shareholders’ wealth maximization?, Essay examples

Global Scenario Integrated Business Challenge

Question: Discuss about the Global Scenario for Integrated Business Challenge. Answer: Introduction: The global scenario of business has been emerging very fast and the requirement of highly skilled and professionally focused chartered accountant is also increasing. As a chartered accountant (CA), the career path is not restricted to limited options. With varieties options, there are some compelling factors like the working style is interesting and a qualified CA can work worldwide. Financial security is also important in this regard, and the monetary compensation is standard for the CAs. All industries highly recognize this career option; hence, selecting the profession of the chartered account is valid. A chartered accountant has the in-depth knowledge about the minute details for the critical situations of the business and organization. Application of the critical analyzing power makes the profession of Charted Accountant demanding to different organization. This unit is expected to give a clear account on the different elements those are required to obtain a successful career. As mentioned by, Boud (2013), self-assessment is the primary dimension before selecting any option for the career to understanding what area requires improvement and what areas can help for a successful career-graph. This unit is highly helpful to be acknowledged about the important decision on the upcoming professional path. This unit is the evaluation of the self-assessment; that is why this unit will help me to understand my strong points so that it can be polished further to make my career flawless. Team Formations D- The objective was to make a team that can perform and accomplish the given task together. Teamwork helps to understand the strategies that can be used for the conflict management (Turner 2014). The team was formed randomly so that each of them can interact with others and start to cope with those members whom they were even unknown to before. Team formation is highly praised because it helps in improvement of different aspects like cooperation, communication and collaboration among the team members (Belbin 2012). I: The team was formed selecting the members randomly; however, the exercise of the Team Roles was practiced during the task when each of the members was given a particular role. Practicing of the team roles is helpful as it gives an idea on the context of future professional life. E: "Team Roles" was useful for the purpose of the effective teamwork (Belbin 2012). As there are nine elements in the team roles that were allocated to the team members and all were asked to fulfill their responsibility. Thus, it was helpful to obtain a collective outcome from a team. P: This approach of teamwork will help me in future because in the bigger context of the profession. Teamwork, cooperation, communication, and conflict management all these are highly demanded a successful professional life (Tjosvold 2015). Evaluation of what I have learned during this practice will nurture my knowledge and improve my skill for collective work. CV: Name: Date of birth: Contact details: Education: Additional Qualifications: Languages known: Skills: Career objectives: Working Experiences: Reference List: Belbin, R.M., 2012.Team roles at work. Routledge. Boud, D., 2013.Enhancing learning through self-assessment. Routledge. Tjosvold, D., 2015.Building the Team Organization: How to Open Minds, Resolve Conflict, and Ensure Cooperation. Springer. Turner, M.E., 2014.Groups at work: Theory and research. Psychology Press.